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(6) Acetaldehyde has toxic effects such as damage to mitochondria due to alterations in the cell membrane, DNA damage, reduction of oxygen utilization, cell death due to decreases in enzyme activity of the proteins that degrade reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as glutathione s transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation
Viruses 12 (9), 1008
Last Updated: February 17, 2026 Introduction to the PPP The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is primarily catabolic and serves as an alternative glucose oxidizing pathway
GSH, the most abundant thiol-reducing agent, is crucial for regulating oxidative stress in the CNS [178]
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