It is primarily produced in the pineal gland of the brain (Fig
The following cytokines/chemokines were quantified using customized Human Luminex Discovery Assay kits (R&D Systems): chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 2, CCL7, CCL26, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 10, CXCL11, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, osteopontin, interferon (IFN)-, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-, urokinase (uPA), serpin E1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and TGF-1
MSC- and NSC-derived EVs can carry microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins, lipids, mitochondrial fragments, and surface molecules that alter recipient-cell behavior [27,28,29,30]
4.4 Microbial infection The absence of protective outer layers and the high-water content in edible mushrooms render them susceptible to various microorganisms during the post-harvest phase, resulting in a variety of changes in enzymatic processes (Figure 2)