PDA also induces reduced insulin sensitivity in hepatic cells, which represents as a decreased liver gluconeogenesis level (Basso et al., 1997)
Focus on Micronutrients: Since you may be eating smaller portions, you need to ensure you are getting enough vitamins and minerals
Insulin increases angiogenic and inflammatory mediators in retina The early worsening of DR has been consistently reported with the use of insulin and insulin secretagogues such as SUs and semaglutide [2,3,4,5, 9, 49], but not with insulin-independent antidiabetic agents like metformin or empagliflozin [6,7,8, 49]
Factors such as age, physical fitness, and other medications will affect an individuals heart rate