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Taken together, various cell death pathways exist that in physiological conditions take part in the fine processes of development, differentiation, and removal of damaged or unfunctional cells and subcellular structures, or harmful microorganisms
Mol Psychiatry 21(2):198204 de la Fuente-Sandoval C, Reyes-Madrigal F, Mao X, Len-Ortiz P, Rodrguez-Mayoral O, Sols-Vivanco R, Favila R, Graff-Guerrero A, Shungu DC (2015) Cortico-striatal GABAergic and glutamatergic dysregulations in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis investigated with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
However, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to a buildup of ROS due to an imbalance in their production and degradation 4,5 Another major source of ROS is NADPH oxidase (Nox), a membrane-bound enzyme complex that produces superoxide by transferring an electron to oxygen from NADPH
These findings position GLP-1RAs as a potential fourth pillar of kidney-protective therapy in diabetes, alongside renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi), SGLT2i, and finerenone, and suggest a shift toward rapid initiation of combination therapies for maximum kidney protection
