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Studies suggest that various molecular pathways are involved in IC/BPS, including the JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, activated mast cells, mucosal signalling, circadian rhythm regulation, inflammation and neural dysregulation
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While its indirect effects are highly pronounced in the arterial system, its direct vasoconstrictive action operates predominantly on the venous system, making it highly effective at elevating venous return and central venous pressure (Statler et al, 2023)
In 1962, the French researcher Pierre Eymard serendipitously discovered the anticonvulsant properties of valproic acid while using it as a vehicle for a number of other compounds that were being screened for antiseizure activity
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