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Differential diagnosis Circumscribed meningeal melanocytic neoplasms Malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumor (MMNST): Classical features of schwannian differentiations such as Antoni A and Antoni B, Verocay bodies are less evident (Acta Neuropathol 2010;120:755) MMNSTs are S100, SOX10, MART1 and HMB45 positive (Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015;54:463) GNAQ / GNA11 mutations are usually absent (Acta Neuropathol 2010;120:755) PRKAR1A alterations in most cases of malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumors (Acta Neuropathol 2010;120:755, Am J Surg Pathol 2014;38:94, Acta Neuropathol 2010;120:755) Recurrent monosomy of 22q (Brain Pathol 2015;25:202) Metastatic cutaneous melanoma: Clinical history positive for extra CNS melanoma favors this diagnosis Purely intraparenchymal lesions are highly suspicious of metastatic disease from extra CNS primary melanoma Molecular analysis useful to differentiate metastatic melanoma from primary CNS melanocytic neoplasms (Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014;40:794, Cancers (Basel) 2024;16:2508) Mutations commonly found in in primary cutaneous melanocytic lesions such as HRAS , BRAF , KRAS and KIT are usually absent in primary meningeal melanocytic lesions (Acta Neuropathol 2010;119:317, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013;39:417) Medulloblastoma with melanotic differentiation: Positive for neural markers such as NSE, synaptophysin and NeuN, sometimes with focal GFAP expression (Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:875) HMB45 positivity is limited to pigmented cells (J Neurooncol 2011;103:759, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002;28:257) Additional references Practice question #1 A 48 year old woman with no prior oncological history presented with a intradural extra-axial lesion of the cervical spine
J Pept Sci 17:270280 Bianchi E, Carrington PE, Ingallinella P et al (2013) A PEGylated analog of the gut hormone oxyntomodulin with long-lasting antihyperglycemic, insulinotropic and anorexigenic activity
Between 2021 and 2024, global sales of Ozempic surged from US$5.3bn to US$18.9bn, while Wegovy amassed global sales of US$9.2bn
Several of my patients have cited the increase in diabetes risk that has been linked to statins as a potential cause of their diabetes and have considered stopping their statin
