Trials typically incorporate biomarker endpoints such as ER/ER ratios, aromatase activity, plasma isoflavone or polyphenol concentrations, immune cell phenotyping, cytokine panels, oxidative stress markers and microbiome profile which are used to provide mechanistic read-outs of supplement activity and to inform patient stratification approaches (231)
For most people, creatinine serves as a reliable marker of kidney function
Reviewed September 28, 2020 EBV Nuclear Antigen (EBNA) Ab, IgG The EBNA antibody appears 2-4 months after an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and persists throughout an individual's life, indicating a past infection
Biomarker assessment of liver function, antioxidant status, and inflammation can contextualize whether supplementation addresses a genuine deficiency