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In the REWIND study, DR was defined as photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, or vitrectomy [8], whereas DR was determined when patients had vitreous hemorrhage, the onset of diabetes-related blindness, and the need for treatment with an intravitreal agent or retinal photocoagulation in the SUSTAIN-6 [9] and LEADER trials [10]
Alpha-lipoic acid significantly reduced severe neuropathy (grade 3) at weeks nine and 12 and improved overall neuropathy symptoms compared with placebo
Reported EC values in transfected cell assays sit in the sub-nanomolar to low-nanomolar range at MC1R and MC4R, with roughly an order of magnitude lower potency at MC3R and MC5R, and it is essentially inactive at MC2R, the adrenocorticotropin receptor