Studies have demonstrated that 4% niacinamide can significantly reduce melasma severity ( Navarrete-Sols et al., Dermatology Research and Practice, 2011 ), improve moisture retention, and enhance overall texture ( Boo, 2021 )
- Patients who seek to improve skin tone and reduce hyperpigmentation as well as interested in anti-aging treatments
To explore the functional relevance of these DEGs, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was conducted, revealing that the altered genes were primarily involved in immune response regulation, cytokine production, oxidative stress response, and mitochondrial functions
Known as a powerful copper peptide, its often praised for improving skin firmness, reducing fine lines, and supporting collagen production