Kieburtz K, Wunderle KB (2013) Parkinsons disease: Evidence for environmental etiology
showed that combination of a single transcription factor FOXA1, FOXA2, or FOXA3 with six compound cocktails, including CHIR, RepSox, valproic acid (VPA), Parnate, TTNPB, Dznep (termed CRVPTD), directly induced MEFs into iHeps ( Later studies developed protocols independent of ectopic expression for direct reprogramming
Since their invention in the 1980s, conventional Agrobacterium -mediated transformation and biolistic-mediated transformation have become two major tools to introduce alien genes into plants
Subcutaneous (SubQ): Injected under the skin, usually around the abdominal area or near the injury site for localized effect