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10.1016/j.regpep.2009.05.008 6 BarisicI.BalenovicD.KlicekR.RadicB.NikitovicB.DrmicD.et al (2013)
and c) irregular dietary patterns), reduced bioavailability (impairment of the intrinsic factor-mediated absorption pathway, often due to the widespread and prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors), and malabsorption syndromes
10.1038/s42255-020-00305-3 15 Deryabin PavelI.Shatrova AllaN.Borodkina AleksandraV
Lyophilized vs liquid peptide stability Lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder: Most peptides sold in this form Moisture removed via freeze-drying Very stable when dry Can last years if stored properly Requires reconstitution before use Lyophilized stability: Freezer (-20C): 2-5+ years for most peptides Refrigerator (2-8C): 1-2 years typical Room temperature: Weeks to months (varies by peptide) Key factor: Keeping it DRY (moisture is enemy) Liquid (reconstituted) peptides: Peptide dissolved in water Much less stable than powder Water enables hydrolysis Bacterial contamination risk higher Limited shelf life Liquid stability: Refrigerated with bacteriostatic water: 28-30 days typical Refrigerated with sterile water: 5-7 days maximum Room temperature: Hours to 1-2 days only Frozen (reconstituted): DO NOT FREEZE liquid peptides Key principle: Keep peptides as dry powder until needed, then use reconstituted solution within recommended timeframe
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